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種(zhong)子(zi)加(jia)工是(shi)種(zhong)子(zi)物料(liao)利用(yong)設(she)備在場地(di)進行(xing)作業(ye),使(shi)種(zhong)子(zi)凈度(du)達到90%以上,其中(zhong)清除種(zhong)子(zi)物料(liao)中(zhong)的各種(zhong)雜(za)質是(shi)種(zhong)子(zi)加(jia)工實現商(shang)品化的環節。一般來說,人們希(xi)望(wang)種(zhong)子(zi)加(jia)工凈度(du)越高越好,但難(nan)度(du)也就隨之增(zeng)大。隨著我國種(zhong)子(zi)工程的全面(mian)實施,科學合理選用(yong)種(zhong)子(zi)加(jia)工設(she)備很有必(bi)要。

　　一、了解種子的屬性

　　選(xuan)擇種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)加工設備(bei)時,先要了解(jie)清楚種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)屬性(xing),以及種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)形狀與特性(xing),以便做(zuo)到有(you)的(de)(de)放(fang)矢。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)中的(de)(de)雜(za)質按(an)幾何(he)尺寸分,有(you)大雜(za)小雜(za);按(an)長(chang)短(duan)分,有(you)長(chang)雜(za)短(duan)雜(za);按(an)重(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)分,有(you)輕雜(za)重(zhong)(zhong)雜(za),即使都是輕雜(za),仍(reng)有(you)重(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)輕雜(za)、密度輕雜(za)和相(xiang)對輕雜(za)之分。

　　顏色有差異,稱之異色粒(li),也是種(zhong)(zhong)子雜(za)質(zhi)分類的一種(zhong)(zhong)。既然種(zhong)(zhong)子的雜(za)質(zhi)與性質(zhi)不同,加工(gong)(gong)的方(fang)法(fa)也就不同,不同的加工(gong)(gong)方(fang)法(fa)必然需要不同的種(zhong)(zhong)子加工(gong)(gong)設備,這就決定(ding)了種(zhong)(zhong)子加工(gong)(gong)設備的多樣性。

　　二、掌握種子的加工方法

　　通過(guo)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)加(jia)工設(she)備盡可能(neng)去掉(diao)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)中不需要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)摻雜物(wu)(如雜草種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和惰性物(wu)質),以(yi)及未成(cheng)熟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、破碎的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、退化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、遭受病蟲害或(huo)機(ji)械(xie)損壞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),并(bing)根據需要(yao)(yao)按種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)外形尺寸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)小(xiao)分級,達(da)到提高種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)叫精(jing)選(xuan);用(yong)單(dan)機(ji)對種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)進(jin)行(xing)處(chu)理,這(zhe)種(zhong)加(jia)工方法(fa)叫種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)清(qing)選(xuan);使(shi)(shi)用(yong)各種(zhong)方法(fa)降(jiang)低種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含水量(liang),使(shi)(shi)其(qi)達(da)到可以(yi)安全儲存要(yao)(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)稱為(wei)(wei)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)干(gan)燥;用(yong)保(bao)護性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥品(pin)或(huo)其(qi)他方法(fa)對種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)進(jin)行(xing)處(chu)理——拌(ban)藥或(huo)包(bao)衣(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)稱為(wei)(wei)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)處(chu)理;種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)經過(guo)干(gan)燥、精(jing)選(xuan)、包(bao)衣(yi)和計量(liang)包(bao)裝,成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)合格商(shang)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng),統稱為(wei)(wei)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)加(jia)工;由有著不同功能(neng)作用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)機(ji),按照(zhao)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)加(jia)工的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)(yao)組合成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流水線(xian)叫種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)加(jia)工成(cheng)套設(she)備。種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)加(jia)工只能(neng)提高種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)凈度,而不能(neng)提高純(chun)度。此外,一(yi)些蔬菜(cai)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)在加(jia)工后,要(yao)(yao)用(yong)鐵罐或(huo)各種(zhong)塑料袋包(bao)裝,要(yao)(yao)求含水量(liang)更低,需要(yao)(yao)采(cai)用(yong)一(yi)些特殊(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)加(jia)工設(she)備才能(neng)達(da)到技術要(yao)(yao)求。

　　三、種子加工設備的選用

　　1.功能和檔次的選用要適宜

　　不(bu)同工(gong)作原理的(de)種(zhong)子加工(gong)設(she)備(bei),在種(zhong)子加工(gong)過程中(zhong)所清除的(de)雜質和(he)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)有(you)所側重,由于種(zhong)子加工(gong)設(she)備(bei)的(de)種(zhong)類較多,其使用功(gong)能(neng)(neng)和(he)檔(dang)次(ci)也有(you)所不(bu)同。初級(ji)檔(dang)次(ci)的(de),可(ke)選(xuan)用單機,該類設(she)備(bei)只能(neng)(neng)清除某一(yi)種(zhong)雜質,難以一(yi)次(ci)加工(gong)達標;中(zhong)級(ji)檔(dang)次(ci)的(de),可(ke)選(xuan)用配套機組(zu),該類設(she)備(bei)適應種(zhong)業界生產(chan)經(jing)(jing)營(ying),具有(you)投資少、見(jian)效快(kuai)、操作簡捷、移(yi)動方(fang)便、堅實耐用、回(hui)報率高(gao)(gao)的(de)特(te)點;高(gao)(gao)級(ji)檔(dang)次(ci)的(de),可(ke)選(xuan)用大(da)型成套設(she)備(bei)或(huo)流(liu)水線,該類設(she)備(bei)投資大(da),現代化水平高(gao)(gao),適應大(da)規模生產(chan)經(jing)(jing)營(ying),可(ke)實現種(zhong)子加工(gong)的(de)良好效果。

　　2.各種單機的選用應慎重

　　①輕雜(za)(za)及病(bing)變種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)在(zai)(zai)重量(liang)上(shang)明(ming)(ming)顯輕,且尺寸大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)與好種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)有(you)明(ming)(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差別,應(ying)選(xuan)(xuan)風篩式清(qing)(qing)選(xuan)(xuan)機(ji),目(mu)前,該類設備在(zai)(zai)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)更(geng)為普遍。②在(zai)(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)清(qing)(qing)選(xuan)(xuan)前,有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)還需(xu)(xu)要(yao)脫粒(li)(li)、取籽、除(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)芒、脫絨(rong)、磨光、去(qu)石(shi),在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)情況下可選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設備進(jin)行(xing)加(jia)工(gong)。如(ru)玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)加(jia)工(gong),應(ying)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)脫粒(li)(li)清(qing)(qing)選(xuan)(xuan)機(ji);棉花(hua)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)脫絨(rong),應(ying)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)適用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)脫絨(rong)機(ji);水稻需(xu)(xu)要(yao)除(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)去(qu)稻芒,應(ying)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)除(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)芒機(ji)。③若(ruo)需(xu)(xu)清(qing)(qing)除(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)長短(duan)尺寸有(you)明(ming)(ming)顯差別,且經過風篩式清(qing)(qing)選(xuan)(xuan)機(ji)加(jia)工(gong)后,仍有(you)不能清(qing)(qing)除(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長雜(za)(za)或短(duan)雜(za)(za)時,應(ying)當(dang)考慮(lv)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)窩眼式精選(xuan)(xuan)機(ji)。④經過風篩式清(qing)(qing)選(xuan)(xuan)機(ji)和(he)窩眼式精選(xuan)(xuan)機(ji)加(jia)工(gong)后,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)凈度(du)已(yi)明(ming)(ming)顯提高,且粒(li)(li)度(du)比(bi)(bi)較均勻,但仍有(you)一些諸如(ru)玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)干(gan)癟粒(li)(li)、蟲蛀粒(li)(li)、穗腐病(bing)粒(li)(li);小(xiao)(xiao)麥中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)干(gan)癟粒(li)(li)、蟲蛀粒(li)(li),帶殼粒(li)(li);水稻中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)干(gan)癟粒(li)(li)、黑(hei)粉病(bing)粒(li)(li)、芽谷(gu)粒(li)(li);豆類中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蟲蛀粒(li)(li)、病(bing)粒(li)(li)、皺皮(pi)粒(li)(li)等(deng)雜(za)(za)質(zhi),這(zhe)些雜(za)(za)質(zhi)多屬(shu)密度(du)雜(za)(za)質(zhi),在(zai)(zai)重量(liang)上(shang)往往與好種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)相近,甚至(zhi)重于(yu)好種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi),就要(yao)考慮(lv)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)比(bi)(bi)重式精選(xuan)(xuan)機(ji)來進(jin)行(xing)清(qing)(qing)除(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)。通常,比(bi)(bi)重式精選(xuan)(xuan)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)操作難(nan)度(du)要(yao)大(da)于(yu)風篩式清(qing)(qing)選(xuan)(xuan)機(ji)。⑤如(ru)果種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)經清(qing)(qing)選(xuan)(xuan)已(yi)達標,也還需(xu)(xu)要(yao)進(jin)行(xing)深(shen)加(jia)工(gong),如(ru)拌(ban)藥、包衣(yi)、丸粒(li)(li)化、計(ji)量(liang)、包裝,均需(xu)(xu)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)機(ji)械來完成此類加(jia)工(gong)。